2 Timothy

This is the last letter written by the apostle Paul before his execution under the authority of the Roman Emperor Nero just a few years before the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD. It has 4 chapters, 83 verses, and 1,666 words. These are the last words of a man mightily used of God and take their place alongside other great last words recorded in the scripture (like Moses, Joshua, and David). I personally believe that this was the last book of the Bible that was written (Col. 1:24-26; 2 Tim. 3:16; 2:15). During the transition period covered by the book of Acts, Paul taught that the sign gifts would cease, “when that which is perfect is come” (1 Cor. 13:10). I believe “that which is perfect” refers to the complete revelation of the mystery of this age which is recorded in the sound words of Paul’s epistles. Paul had the sign gift of healing during the Acts period, but not afterwards (2 Tim. 4:20). 

Paul wrote this letter to his son in the faith, Timothy, to exhort him to faithfully fulfill his ministry in the midst of growing apostasy (1:6-15). Apostasy is a willful denial and departure from the truth that you once claimed to believe. Just as God revealed the law for Israel through Moses, He revealed specific doctrines for this age of grace through the apostle Paul. Just as it was apostasy for Israel to deny and depart from the word of God through their spokesman (Moses), so in this age it is apostasy to deny and depart from the word of God through our spokesman, the apostle Paul. There are three major doctrines revealed through Paul that are emphasized in the church epistles; justification by faith alone, the Body of Christ, and the blessed hope. Satan attacks these three main doctrines like nothing else. 

In the first letter to Timothy we see the church in rule, but in this second letter we see it in ruin. It is interesting that the church is not mentioned. In days of apostasy, we should be very thankful if we have some faithful men to commit the truth to (2:2). Timothy was a young, timid, and unhealthy man. It is evident from things said in both letters that Paul was concerned about his faithfulness in the midst of so much opposition and corruption. But just as Paul faithfully “kept the faith,” he could too by the grace of God. 

This letter is divided into four chapters and it may be outlined according to the chapter divisions. Paul makes four appeals to Timothy to be faithful:

I. The Pastoral Appeal (1)

II. The Practical Appeal (2)

III. The Prophetic Appeal (3)

IV. The Personal Appeal (4) 

One of the key words in this epistle is “truth” (2:15, 18, 25; 3:7-8; 4:4). Note the three downward stages of departure from the truth: "erred" (2:18), "resist" (3:8), and "turn away" (4:4). 

There was just a few years interval between the two letters that Paul wrote Timothy, but in that short time the apostasy had gotten much worse. The “some” in 1 Timothy (1:6, 19; 4:1; 5:15; 6:10, 21) became “all” in 2 Timothy (1:15; 4:16). Paul’s prediction that he made while speaking to the Ephesian elders came to pass (Acts 20:29-31). The introductory note to 2 Timothy  in the Old Scofield Bible says, “The Asian churches had not disbanded, nor ceased to call themselves Christian, but they had turned away from the doctrines of grace distinctively revealed through the apostle Paul. This was the proof that already apostasy had set in its first from, legalism.” 

The believers resources in a day of apostasy include: 

 The Holy Spirit (1:7, 14)

 The form of sound words given through Paul (1:13; 2:2; 2:7; 3:10)

 The grace that is in Christ Jesus (2:1)

 The whole armor of God (2:3-4; Eph. 6:10-20)

 True separation (2:16-22)

 All scripture (3:16-17; 4:2)

 The Lord’s presence and strength (4:16-17)

1 Timothy

By inspiration of God, the apostle Paul wrote 9 epistles to 7 churches (Galatians actually written to a group of churches in the region of Galatia) and 4 epistles to 3 individuals. The epistles to Timothy and Titus are commonly referred to as the Pastoral Epistles because they were written to pastors in regard to the work of the ministry. The emphasis in 1 Timothy and Titus is on the proper order, doctrine, and practice of the local church and in 2 Timothy it is on the apostasy of the professing church. 

It is likely that the apostle Paul suffered two Roman imprisonments and that he wrote this letter during the interval in about 64-65 AD. Timothy was Paul’s “son in the faith” (1 Tim. 1:2) in that he was saved and taught under his personal ministry. We can glean from the scriptures that Timothy was a young and somewhat timid man, but that Paul considered him to be a faithful and trustworthy fellow-laborer in the ministry (1 Cor. 4:14-17; Phil. 2:18-23). Timothy was the pastor of the church at Ephesus when Paul wrote to him (1 Tim. 1:3; 2 Tim. 1:15). 

The theme of this epistle is stated in the heart of it (3:14-16). The "house of God" is not a physical building because it is the "church of the living God" and a church is a called out assembly of people (Eph. 2:22). The church which is the Body of Christ (Eph. 1:22-23) is made up all believers in this present age that have been saved through believing the gospel of the grace of God. There is only one church which is the Body of Christ. The local church is a local manifestation of that Body in a community. It is an assembly of believers who in fellowship together carry out the work of the ministry. The local churches in the NT had fellowship with one another but were independent and autonomous congregations. The apostle Paul gave orders and instruction to churches (1 Cor. 7:17; 2 Cor. 11:28), but he did not exercise dominion over their faith (2 Cor. 1:24). There are no apostles today, but everything we need to know about the local church is preserved for us in Paul’s epistles. The problem with most churches today is that they do not follow Paul as the spokesman to Body of Christ. The introductory note to 1 Timothy in the Old Scofield Bible says, “Well had it been with the churches if they had neither added to nor taken away from the divine order.” 

The church is to be the pillar and ground of the TRUTH. The church should be all about spiritual edification, not carnal entertainment. It is about building believers in the faith, not about building a “campus”. Paul refers to “doctrine” 17 times in the Pastoral Epistles. He emphasizes the importance of sound doctrine and warns against false doctrine. 

I. Introduction (1:1-2)

II. Pastoral Charge (1:3-20)

III. Priority of Prayer (2:1-7)

IV. Proper Order (2-3)

        A. Men and women (2:8-15)

        B. The office of bishop (3:1-7)

        C. The office of deacon (3:8-13)

V. Purpose of the Letter (3:14-16)

VI. Preventing Apostasy (4)

VII. Practical Instructions (5-6)

        A. Widows (5:1-16)

        B. Elders (5:17-25)

        C.  Servants (6:1-2)

VIII. Practical Admonitions (6:3-21)

1 & 2 Thessalonians

The historical record of how the Lord used the apostle Paul to start the church at Thessalonica during his second missionary journey is found in Acts 17. From the very beginning this church faced affliction. The unbelieving Jews instigated an uproar in the city that caused the brethren to send Paul away by night. He was very concerned for this young church and so sent Timothy to further establish them and to comfort them in their affliction. Timothy met back up with Paul in Corinth and gave him a good report on the church. Paul sent the first letter in about 52 or 53 AD from Corinth (Acts 18) and the second letter was evidently sent not too long after the first. The Thessalonian letters may have been Paul’s earliest inspired writings but they are placed last in order of the church epistles because of their content. The emphasis is on the coming of the Lord which will conclude this present age and is the consummation of our hope. We have already considered how the church epistles are arranged in order best suited for our edification.  

In the first letter Paul writes to express his thankfulness for the church, review his ministry among them, comfort them in their affliction, exhort them to continual growth in their Christian walk, and further instruct them concerning  the coming of the Lord. The 5 chapters may be simply divided into two main sections:

I. Personal (1-3)

II. Practical (4-5)

The emphasis in the first letter is on the secret rapture of the Body of Christ up to heaven which was a mystery revealed to Paul. The Body of Christ is the great mystery that Christ revealed through Paul (Eph. 3:1-13) and our rapture to heaven is one of the accompanying mysteries of this age (1 Cor. 4:1). It is Paul alone that shows us this mystery (1 Cor. 15:51; 1 Thess. 4:15). Reading our rapture into prophetic passages outside of Paul’s epistles will lead to false doctrine and rob us of our blessed hope. What we believe about the blessed hope is very important! The apostle Paul has much to say about our hope (Eph. 1:18; 4:4). 

In the second letter Paul writes to correct the false teaching that the Body of Christ will go through the day of the Lord. He also corrects the disorderly conduct which was the result of believing that false doctrine (1 Cor. 15:33). Some had quit working because they thought the world was about to end. We may outline the letter based on the chapter divisions:

I. Encouragement (1)

II. Correction (2)

III. Exhortation (3)

The day of the Lord is when the Lord will pour out His wrath on the world (Isa. 2:1-12, 17-21; 13:6-13). It is the second coming of Christ in particular, but it includes what leads up to it (tribulation period) and what follows it (kingdom age). The false teachers troubled the church at Thessalonica by telling them that their affliction was proof that the day of the Lord was at hand (which would mean that they were in the tribulation period). They even presented them with a counterfeit letter from Paul that supported their teaching (2:1-2; 3:17). 

Paul very plainly states that the Body of Christ is not appointed to wrath but salvation from it (Rom. 5:9; 1 Thess. 1:10; 5:9). The whole seven year tribulation period will come as a result of God’s wrath (not just the last part as some teachers claim). The whole seven year tribulation period is the subject of prophecy (Dan. 9:24-27). Therefore, we know that the Body of Christ will be taken off the earth BEFORE that period ever begins because we have nothing to do with either the wrath of God or the prophetic program of Israel! Many Christians are troubled today because they are being taught that we will not be raptured before the tribulation period. Christians must deal with tribulation in this present evil world (1 Thess. 3:3-4) but we are not going through the prophesied tribulation period which is called the “time of JACOB’S trouble” (Jer. 30:7). 

The church at Thessalonica was being troubled from without (facing fierce persecution) and within (false teachers among them). In chapter one Paul encouraged them by thanking God for their patience and faith in the midst of the tribulations they were enduring and by explaining that God will recompense tribulation to their enemies in the coming day of the Lord. In chapter 2 he clears up their confusion that was caused by the false teaching that the second coming of Christ was at hand. The church at Thessalonica lost their blessed hope (compare 1 Thess. 1:3 with 2 Thess. 1:3) because they listened to teachers who were saying things that did not line up with Paul’s teaching (2 Tim. 2:7). False doctrine troubles the hearts and minds of God’s people but sound doctrine produces a sound mind (2 Thess. 2:16-17; 2 Tim. 1:7). 

Chapter 2 provides a basic overview of the correct order of events in the tribulation period:

 Beginning = A falling away first (v.3) – Israel makes a covenant with the Antichrist 

 Middle = The man of sin is revealed (vs.3-8a)

 End = The coming of the Lord to destroy him (v.8)

It is crucial to understand that the “day of Christ” (2 Thess. 2:2) is not referring to our rapture but to the day of the Lord. Those who teach that we are going through the tribulation claim that in this passage Paul is teaching the rapture will not occur until after the man of sin is revealed (v.3). If the “day of Christ” referred to here is our blessed hope, why would the Thessalonians be shaken in mind and troubled for believing it was at hand? Paul uses phrases like “day of Christ” and “day of the Lord Jesus” in reference to the rapture and judgment seat of Christ. However, here he is clearly referring to the day of the Lord which comes AFTER this age because that is what he is talking about in the context. Christ is the Lord and so the "day of Christ" can certainly be referring to the "day of the Lord." Context determines how it is being used. I don't believe the text should be changed to say the "day of the Lord" because the KJB is perfect. That the "day of Christ" and the "day of the Lord" can be used interchangeably is a good proof for the deity of Christ.  

Even though we are not the subject of prophecy we need to learn the whole Bible (Rom. 16:25-26). We learn by comparison and contrast. Understanding the tribulation period makes me thankful that I will be delivered from it! The root reason for all the confusion that abounds today about the tribulation period and the second coming is a failure to rightly divide mystery truth from prophetic truth. We are living in parenthetical mystery age that interrupted the prophetic program concerning Israel and the kingdom. Therefore prophecy concerning Israel is NOT being fulfilled today and will not be until after this age closes with the rapture. Most teachers do not recognize Paul’s authority as the spokesman for this age and so they mix the word of truth instead of rightly dividing it. Paul deals with prophecy in 2 Thess. 2 but his point is not that we should be looking for these things but rather that we should NOT. We are to be looking for the blessed hope of being gathered together to meet Christ in the air, not for signs and the antichrist (1 Thess. 1:10; Phil. 3:20; Titus 2:13)! 

Colossians

While the apostle Paul was preaching in Ephesus, all of Asia heard the word of the Lord Jesus through his leadership (Acts 19:10). Colosse was in that region, but evidently Paul himself did not start the church at Colosse (2:1). It was likely Epaphras, a fellow-laborer of Paul, who started the church (1:1-8; 4:12-13; Phile. 23). It was Epaphras who told Paul about the condition of the church which led to him writing this letter by inspiration of God while a prisoner in Rome. The church needed to be corrected because they were in danger of being spoiled and beguiled by false teaching that detracted from the supremacy and all-sufficiency of Christ as Head of the church and the blessed truth that all the members of His body are complete in Him (2:8-10). 

Just as Galatians was written to correct doctrine contrary to that which is presented in Romans, so Colossians is written to correct doctrine contrary to that which is presented in Ephesians. In Ephesians the emphasis is on the Body of Christ but in Colossians it is on the Head of that Body. The work of the Holy Spirit is mentioned throughout Ephesians (every chapter) but He is only mentioned once in Colossians (1:8). Philippians is a letter of reproof for not holding the members of the Body in the right regard but Colossians is a letter of correction for not holding the Head of the Body (2:19). 

In chapter 2 Paul warns about different kinds of false teaching: 

 Philosophy (v.8) - love of worldly wisdom 

 Legalism (vs.16-17) – trying to be made righteous by the works of the law 

 Mysticism (vs.18-19) – pursuit of higher and hidden knowledge in the spirit realm 

 Asceticism (vs.20-23) – severe self-discipline and denial of the flesh for religious purposes 

The bottom line is that all false teaching denies the deity of Christ and/or His sufficiency to make us complete. All false teaching exalts the works of the flesh over the perfect work of Christ. 

"The Epistle attacks and destroys man's way of holiness by lacerations, adoration of angels, performances of sacraments and self-willed efforts of the carnal nature to improve and sanctify “the flesh” which God has condemned to death. The Epistle points out God’s way of holiness as opposed to man’s way.” (E.W. Bullinger) 

“The Church finds her full life in her Head. When this is recognized the uselessness and mischievousness of carnal ceremonies which appeal to the natural heart, are recognized. All that is needed for a complete Christian life of worship, service and intellectual progress, is found in Christ. All riches and all perfection are found in Him for the enrichment of His members and their maintenance in the full practical enjoyment of fellowship with Him.” (G. Williams) 

I. The Preeminence of Christ (1)

II. Our Position in Christ (2)

III. Our Practical Walk in Christ (3-4) 

Highlights in Colossians 

Chapter One

• Hope (v.5, 23, 27) 

• Paul’s prayer (vs.9-20) 

• Paul’s twofold ministry:

1) To every creature with the gospel (vs.21-23)

2) To the church with the mystery (vs.24-29) 

Chapter Two

• Beware lest any man beguile, spoil, or judge you (vs.4, 8, 16, 18)

• We are complete (v.10), not by carnal ordinances and ceremonies, but by SPIRITUAL:

1) Circumcision (v.11)

2) Baptism (v.12)

Chapter Three 

• The old man vs. the new man (vs.1-17)

• The Christian home (vs.18-21)

Chapter Four 

• Prayer must be:

1) Faithful (v.2)

2) Watchful (v.2)

3) Thankful (v.2) 

4) Purposeful (vs.3-4, 12-13)

Philippians

The historical record of how the Lord used the apostle Paul to start the church at Philippi during his second missionary journey is found in Acts 16. This short epistle of 4 chapters, 104 verses, and 2,183 words was written in the early 60’s AD when Paul was a prisoner in Rome. This present dispensation began with Paul’s ministry in the book of Acts, but there is a distinction between the epistles he wrote during Acts and afterwards due to the transitional nature (prophecy program of Israel phasing out, mystery program of Body of Christ phasing in) of the Acts period. For example, he was going to the Jew first and the sign gifts were in effect during his Acts ministry. When he writes his prison epistles, he writes as a prisoner of Jesus Christ for us Gentiles and the full revelation of this present age is known (Eph. 3:1-13). 

The prison epistles of Ephesians, Philippians, and Colossians form a trilogy concerning the church which is the Body of Christ. 

1) Ephesians – doctrine of the Body of Christ

2) Philippians – reproof for not walking according to the doctrine of Ephesians 

3) Colossians – correction for listening to doctrine contrary to the doctrine of Ephesians 

Philippians is a very practical book. Like most churches today, the church at Philippi was having trouble keeping the unity of the Spirit in the bond of peace (Eph. 4:1-6; Phil. 1:27; 2:1-3, 14-15; 4:2). 

The worthy walk of our HIGH calling is a LOWLY walk of service! Paul gives 4 great examples in this epistle (Christ, Timothy, Epaphroditus, and himself). 

Philippians is known as the joy book because joy is referred to18 times. Paul was joyful as a prisoner who had endured much suffering. How so? True and lasting joy is found in Christ (1:21, “Christ” mentioned 37 times) and in the pathway of sacrificial service. No wonder most people have no joy! 

Key verses

I. Christ our Life (1:21)

II. Christ our Mind (2:5)

III. Christ our Goal (3:14)

IV. Christ our Strength (4:13)

Outline

A. Salutation – “Grace be unto you” (1:1-2)

      B. Paul’s concern for the Philippians (1:3-26)

                 C. Exhortation: Example of Christ (1:27-2:16)

                     D. Example of Timothy (2:17-24)

                     D. Example of Epaphroditus (2:25-30)

                 C. Exhortation: Example of Paul (3:1-4:9)

            B. Philippians concern for Paul (4:10-20)

      A. Salutation – “Grace be with you” (4:21-23)

Highlights in Philippians:

Chapter One 

• Emphasis on the gospel (6 times):

1) Fellowship of the gospel (1:3-6)

2) Furtherance of the gospel (1:12)

3) Faith of the gospel (1:27)

• Paul's prayer:

1) Request (v.9)

2) Reason (v.10)

3) Result (v.11) 

Chapter Two 

• Exhortation to lowliness of mind (2:1-3)

• Examples of sacrificial service (2:4-30)

1) Christ (vs.5-11)

2) Paul (vs.12-18)

3) Timothy (vs.19-24)

4) Epaphroditus (vs.25-30)

Chapter Three 

• Justification (vs.1-9)

• Sanctification (vs.10-19)

• Glorification (vs.20-21)

Chapter Four 

• Conditions for experiencing the peace of God:

1) Rejoicing (v.4)

2) Moderation (v.5)

3) Prayer (vs.6-7)

4) Right thinking (v.8)

5) Right living (v.9)

 

• Contentment:

1) It must be learned (vs.10-11)

2) It is not based on circumstances (v.12)

3) It is found in Christ (v.13)

• A note upon the bank of faith (v.19)

1) My God – the name of the Banker

2) Shall supply – the promise to pay

3) All your need – The value of the note 

4) According to his riches – the capitol of the bank 

5) In glory – the address of the bank 

6) By Christ Jesus – the signature without which the note is worthless 

Ephesians

The apostle Paul's work at Ephesus is recorded in Acts 18:18-20:38. Ephesus was the capitol city of Asia minor and had a population of about 300,000 people. Thanks to its large harbor Ephesus grew very wealthy on trade; and, thanks to the Temple of Diana it attracted many visitors who wanted to come see one of the seven wonders of the world. The temple was 418' x 239' and had 100 columns that stood 50 feet high. It housed an image of Diana (goddess of fertility) that supposedly fell from heaven. Like the temple of Aphrodite in Corinth, the temple of Diana had hundreds of temple prostitutes. 

In spite of much opposition the Lord gave Paul a great ministry at Ephesus that spanned over two years. In that short time the book of Acts records that “all they that dwelt in Asia heard the word of the Lord Jesus” (Acts 19:10). We cannot make people believe the word, but are responsible to make sure that everyone in our area at least hear it! His ministry was so influential it caused a riot because the idol-makers were losing money. 

Ephesians is the second of the great text-books of doctrinal instruction for believers in this present age of grace. In Romans is set forth the truth concerning the standing of the sinner in Christ, as having died and risen with Him. Now we are taken a further stage and taught that the sinner not only died and rose again in Christ, but that he is now in God’s sight and purpose seated with Christ in heavenly places. Romans ends with a reference to the revelation of the mystery (16:25); Ephesians takes up that subject and unfolds it to us. It is therefore, the pinnacle of divine revelation for the Body of Christ, like the Book of Revelation is for Israel. 

The Book of Revelation is known for its sevens but did you know that Ephesians is also marked by that divine number of perfection? It opens with seven spiritual blessings, it closes with seven pieces of the spiritual armor, and in the middle we find the sevenfold unity of the Spirit. 

The Trinity is in every chapter:

 Salvation (1:3-14) 

 Access (2:18)

 Prayer (3:14-17)

 Unity (4:4-6)

 Fulness (5:18-21)

 Prayer (6:18; 3:14; 5:20)

Emphasis on the Holy Spirit (He worked in other ages but not like now, Num. 11:29; 1 Sam. 16:14): 

1) Sealed (1:13)

2) Earnest (1:14)

3) Access (2:18)

4) Temple (2:22)

5) Revelation (3:5)

6) Might in the inner man (3:16)

7) Unity of (4:3)

8) Grieve not (4:30)

9) Fruit (5:9)

10) Filled (5:18)

11) Sword (6:17)

12) Praying (6:18)

The 6 chapters of Ephesians are naturally divided in half into two main sections (Eph. 1:3; 4:1):

Ephesians 1-3         Ephesians 4-6

    Wealth                      Walk

   Standing              State 

     Calling            Conduct

    Blessings            Behavior 

     Riches        Responsibilities 

Practical application must be based on the foundation sound doctrine in order for it to be effectual in our lives (Phil. 1:9-11; Col. 1:9-11; Titus 2:1, 10). Paul always begins with doctrine and then makes the proper applications. 

Contrast Law and Grace (1:3; Deut. 28). Most think they are God’s earthly people in a covenant relationship! They claim the blessings of Deut. 28 (vs.1-14) but conveniently forget about all the curses (vs.15-68).

        Israel                                  Body of Christ

Material Blessings              Spiritual Blessings 

On Earth                             In Heavenly Places

Based on Performance     Based on Position

Galatians

In his epistle to the Galatians the apostle Paul passionately defends the gospel he received by revelation of Jesus Christ against the error of legalism (performance-based religious system). He deals with this error in relation to both justification and sanctification. Legalism is still a very prevalent error today. 

Key verses: 2:16, 20 

There were false teachers that always came in behind Paul’s ministry in an area to try and influence the churches he established away from his message of grace. They taught the people that they must be circumcised and do the works of the law to be saved and/or to stay saved. They were having success in Galatia. 

The scripture not only reveals doctrine, it also reproves and corrects for failure to believe and live by the doctrine. A balanced Bible-based ministry both teaches (positive aspect) and reproves and corrects (negative aspect). Although the apostle Paul wrote Galatians before Romans, it follows Romans in the order of the church epistles because it is a letter of correction for doctrinal failure. The churches at Galatia were listening to doctrine contrary to the doctrine of salvation by grace as laid out in Romans. The Corinthian letters contain reproof for practical failure; their conduct was not in line with the doctrine of Romans. 

Doctrinal and moral failure is not to be tolerated in the church because it takes just a little leaven to leaven the whole lump. Leaven represents corruption that spreads (1 Cor. 5:6; Gal. 5:9). Doctrinal corruption produces moral corruption (1 Cor. 15:33; 2 Tim. 2:15-18). Sound doctrine produces godliness when it is truly believed (Titus 1:1). 

It is important to notice exactly how the letter is addressed (1:1-2). He is writing to local churches in the region of Galatia. He is careful not to say “to the saints” (Eph. 1:1). There are no lost people in the church which is the Body of Christ but there are usually some lost people in the local church. This explains what Paul meant by, "fallen from grace" (5:4). He did not say, "fallen out of grace." Those who are in the Body of Christ cannot lose salvation (Rom. 8:35-39). Those who are seek to be justified by the law have not trusted in Christ. There were some in Galatia that heard the message of grace, but chose rather to put themselves under the law. 

I. Personal (1-2) – Defense of Paul’s Distinct Message and Ministry

II. Doctrinal (3-4) – Grace and the Law do not Mix (Rom. 11:6)

III. Practical (5-6) – The Grace Life 

The first two chapters clearly establish that Christ gave Paul a message and ministry that was distinct from the 12 apostles. 

Paul shows the precedent of God imputing righteousness by faith with the case of Abraham. We are children of Abraham in the sense that we are also counted righteous by faith (3:6-4:7). 

Many that preach salvation by grace teach sanctification by works. Putting believers under the law does not stop sin, it actually increases it (Rom. 6:14; 1 Cor. 15:56)! The grace life is lived on a higher plan than the law system (5:13-26). We are not under the law of Moses, but the law of Christ and of sowing and reaping still apply today (6:1-10).